Table 3 Characteristics of different types of stem cells for cardiac regeneration
From: The march of pluripotent stem cells in cardiovascular regenerative medicine
BMSCs | MSCs | MBs | CSCs | EPCs | ESCs | iPSCs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Origin | Bone marrow | Bone marrow, heart, lung, adipose tissue | Muscle | Heart | Bone marrow, peripheral blood | ICM of blastocysts | Diverse tissues |
Differentiated cells | |||||||
CMs | Controversial | Controversial | Controversial | Possible | Impossible | Possible | Possible |
Endothelial cells | Possible | Possible | No report | Possible | Possible | Possible | Possible |
SMCs | Possible | Possible | No report | Possible | Impossible | Possible | Possible |
Other cell types | Unknown | Possible | No report | Controversial | Impossible | Possible | Possible |
Immunogenicity | Unlikely if autologous | Unlikely if autologous | Unlikely if autologous | Unlikely if autologous | Unlikely if autologous | Exists | Unlikely if autologous |
Electrochemical coupling | No | Yes | No | Possible | – | Possible | Possible |
Paracrine effect | Exists | Exists | Exists | Exists | Exists | Exists | Exists |
In vitro expansion | Limited | Limited | Limited | Limited | Limited | Yes | Yes |
Clinical safety | Yes | Yes | Side effects reported | Yes | Yes | Teratoma formation, ethical concerns, arrhythmia | Teratoma formation, mutagenesis, arrhythmia |