Fig. 7

EMF exposure had continuous therapeutic effect on rat tibia nonunion combined with BMSC sheets. a Representative X-ray evaluation of tibia fractures in different groups taken 2, 4 and 6 weeks after surgery. b X-ray scores of radiographs in different groups at each time (n = 6). c Longitudinal H&E-stained osteotomy sites in different groups at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after BMSC sheet implantation. Black arrows indicate bone end of the fracture, black wavy lines designate newly formed bone, arrows point to newly formed cartilage. Scale bar = 100 μm. d Biomechanical analysis of tibias, comparison of ultimate force and ultimate stress of tibias in different groups at 6 weeks after BMSC sheet implantation (n = 6). Data shown as mean ± SD. **P < 0.01. EMF electromagnetic field, W weeks