Fig. 6

BMSCs increase osteoblast differentiation by increasing the level of the osteogenesis-related factors bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2), TGF-β1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at 42 days after fracture. a Representative western blot analysis of osteogenesis-related factors compared with AMD3100 and control treatment. b–d Fold change in protein level of BMP2, TGF-β1, and VEGF. Normalization was to level of actin. *P < 0.05 vs AMD3100 or control group. The gels have been run under the same experimental conditions. Data are mean ± SD from three independent experiments