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Fig. 4 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 4

From: Preconditioning of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells highly strengthens their potential to promote IL-6-dependent M2b polarization

Fig. 4

Preconditioned MSCs promote M2 polarization of M1-like cells and M2b polarization of M2a-like cells. MSCs and preconditioned MSCs (acMSCs) were placed in transwells to avoid direct cell interactions and were further co-cultured with differentiated macrophages (M0) under M1- (a) and M2- (b) polarizing culture conditions for 24 h (ratio 1:2). Marker genes specific for M2a (Ym-1), M2b (SPHK1, LIGHT), and M2c (MertK) were analyzed by real-time PCR. In addition, the expression of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and TNF-α were investigated. n = 8–10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. control macrophages (M1 and M2). #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001. FIZZ1/RELMα: found in inflammatory zone 1/resistin-like molecule alpha, IL interleukin, LIGHT lymphotoxin-like, exhibits inducible expression and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes, M macrophage, MertK tyrosine-protein kinase MER, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, acMSCs activated, preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells, SPHK1, sphingosine kinase 1, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha, Ym-1 chitinase-like protein

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