Fig. 6

MSC treatment modulated macrophage infiltration and phenotype. a Representative immunostaining for calprotectin-positive macrophages. b Anti-calprotectin staining and anti-Arg-1 staining on muscle section of nonirradiated skeletal muscle (control group), irradiated skeletal muscle on the day of surgery (Irr D100 group), and 12 months after flap surgery with (flap-MSC group) and without (flap group) MSC treatment. c Real-time-PCR of iNOS, Arg1, and iNOS/Arg-1 mRNA level ratio as an index of M1/M2 activity balance. d Real-time-PCR of CD163 gene related to M2 polarization. Data are expressed relative to control skeletal muscle and normalized to GAPDH. Results are expressed as means ± SEM. P values were calculated by ANOVA with Bonferroni correction, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 compared with nonirradiated skeletal muscle; ^#P < 0.05; ^##P < 0.001 compared with irradiated-untreated controls