Fig. 1
From: Application potential of stem/progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles in renal diseases
Effects of stem/progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles in renal diseases. The stem/progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles exert a series of renoprotective and regenerative effects on the injured tissues through different paracrine mechanisms in renal diseases, but they have also been shown to exert harmful effect on certain renal diseases or even aggravate disease progression. The effects include the aspects as follows: anti-inflammatory, proliferation-promoting and anti-apoptotic, proangiogenic, antifibrotic, and renal cancer progression-promoting. EV, extracellular vesicles; EC, endothelial cells; TEC, tubular epithelial cells; USC, urine-derived stem cells; hucECFC, human umbilical cord blood-derived endothelial cell colony-forming cells; EPC, endothelial progenitor cells; MSC, mesenchymal stromal cells; GlMSC, MSCs derived from the glomeruli; hucMSC, human umbilical cord MSCs; MSC-CM, mesenchymal stem cell-derived conditioned medium; HLSC-EV, human liver stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles; huMSC, human adult mesenchymal stem cells; BMMSC, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; ASC, adipose stem cells; BMC, bone marrow cells; RCSC, renal cancer stem cells