Table 1 The application potential of stem/progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles in kidney diseases
From: Application potential of stem/progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles in renal diseases
Stem cell type releasing EVs | Animal models | Transferring materials | Target cells | Biogenesis mechanisms | Biological effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EPC | Anti-Thy1.1glomerulonephritis rat model | miRNA | Injured glomerular cells | Inhibit leukocyte infiltration and mesangial cell activation | Improve kidney function | [36] |
IRI rat model | miRNA (miR-126 and miR-296) | Hypoxic renal resident cells | Alter the proliferative phenotype of hypoxic renal resident cells and promote angiogenesis | Protect the kidney from ischemic acute injury | ||
SCID mice | mRNA associated with NOS and PI3K/AKT | ECs | Activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway | Trigger neovascularization, promote angiogenesis | [17] | |
BMMSC | IRI rat model | miR-218 | Injured ECs | Enhance endothelial cell migration and stimulate a reparative phenotype | Treat microvascular endothelial injury | [64] |
IRI rat model | Chemokine receptors and complement-related proteins | Macrophage and apoptotic cells | Inhibit macrophage activity and promote phagocytosis of apoptotic cells | Prevent early renal injury | [37] | |
Rat renal transplant model for acute rejection | EVs | – | Induce accumulation of T cells and B cells in renal tissue | Immunomodulatory of the immune system | [41] | |
IRI rat model | Adhesion molecules, mRNA and miRNA | TECs | Reduce TECs apoptosis and increase TECs proliferation | Protect from AKI and from subsequent chronic renal damage | [62] | |
Type 2 diabetic mice and insulin-resistant diabetic mice model | EVs | TECs | Suppress the EMT of TECs | Attenuated renal fibrosis | [68] | |
UUO mouse model | miRNA | Proximal TECs | Enhanced inhibition of TGF-β1-induced EMT | Improve renal function | [66] | |
UUO mouse model | miRNA-let7c | Damaged kidney cells | Reduce collagen accumulation and fibrotic-related gene expression | Alleviate kidney fibrosis | [80] | |
hWJMSC | IRI rat model | miRNA | ECs | Inhibit the expression of CX3CL1 and reduce the quantity of CD68+macrophages | Ameliorate renal injury in both the acute and chronic stage | [43] |
USC | Type I diabetic rat model | Growth factors, TGF-β1, angiopoietin, and BMP-7 | – | Inhibit podocyte apoptosis and promote vascular regeneration and cell survival | Prevent kidney injury from diabetes | [55] |
ECFC | IRI rat model | miR-486-5p | ECs | Target at PTEN/Akt pathway | Protect the kidney from IRI injury | |
HLSC | SCID mouse model of AKI | EVs | Tubular cell | Stimulate proliferation and inhibit cell apoptosis | Promote AKI recovery | [59] |
GlMSC | IRI rat model | miRNAs | TECs | Activate TEC proliferation | Promote the recovery of AKI | [60] |
RCSC | – | HLA-G, costimulatory molecules and adhesion molecules | DCs | Suppress immune response | Tumor immune escape and immune tolerance | [76] |
– | Genes associated with matrix remodeling, cell migration, tumor growth, and angiogenesis | MSCs | Induce a pro-tumorigenic phenotype | Promote tumor growth | [77] | |
RCSC(CD105+ cells) | SCID mice | Proangiogenic mRNA and miRNA | Epithelial cells and ECs | Trigger angiogenesis and promote the formation of premetastatic niche | Promote renal cancer progression and lung metastases | [79] |