Fig. 5

nsPEFs activated JNK, CREB, and STAT3 signaling pathways. a Western blot analysis for JNK, p-JNK with inhibitors for phosphorylation of JNK (BI-78D3), and CREB (BAPTA-AM). b Phosphorylation ratio for JNK with inhibitors, n = 5. c Western blot analysis for CREB, p-CREB with inhibitors for phosphorylation of JNK (BI-78D3), and CREB (BAPTA-AM). d Phosphorylation ratio for CREB with inhibitors, n = 5. e Western blot analysis for STAT3, p-STAT3 with inhibitors for phosphorylation of JNK (BI-78D3), CREB (BAPTA-AM), and STAT3 (Stattic). f Phosphorylation ratio for STAT3 with inhibitors, n = 5. Statistical significance in mean values was marked with different letters. For all variables with the same letter (a, b, c, d, or e), the difference between the groups is not statistically significant. For variables with a different letter, the difference between the groups is statistically significant (P < 0.05)