Fig. 5

Effects of LIPUS on the chondrogenesis of MSCs treated with autophagy agonist or inhibitor. a Representative images of immunocytochemistry staining of COL2 (upper panel) and toluidine blue staining (lower panel) in differentiated MSCs stimulated with varying intensities of LIPUS; scale bars = 100 μm. b–d Bar graphs showing relative levels of COL2 (b), AGG (c), and SOX9 (d) mRNA in LIPUS-stimulated and unstimulated MSCs. The values are the mean ± SD of triplicate experiments; *P < 0.05