Fig. 3

Neovascularization after cell transplantation. a Anti-SMA staining for capillary density (red color) per × 10 section of peri-infarct regions at 8 weeks after transplantation in three groups (bar = 100 μm). b There was significant enhancement of capillary density 8 weeks after hESC-CM and hiPSC-MSC transplantation compared with the MI group (*P < 0.05 vs. MI, ^#P < 0.01 vs. MI using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test); moreover, hiPSC-MSC significantly increased capillary density compared with the hESC-CM group (P < 0.05 vs. hESC-CMs using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test) in both infarct area and peri-infarct area. c Angiogenic cytokines in heart tissue at the peri-infarct area were measured using the porcine cytokine array kit. d–h. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGF-BB), angiopoietin-1, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) were increased significantly in the hiPSC-MSC group compared with MI group (*P < 0.05 vs. MI, ^#P < 0.01 vs. MI using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test)