Table 1 Somatic and stem cells used in skin tissue regeneration
Cell types (Refs.) | Origin | Source | CT | Examples of commercial products and their indications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Allogeneic | Skin | Yes | Apligraft - Venous leg ulcers - Diabetic foot ulcers OrCel - Partial-thickness burns | |
Neonatal foreskin | Yes | TransCyte - Full-thickness and deep partial-thickness burns - Partial-thickness burns Dermagraft - Full-thickness diabetic foot ulcers | ||
Fetus | Yes | ND | ||
Autologous | Skin | Yes | TissueTech Autograft System - -Diabetic foot ulcers Hyalograft 3D - Diabetic ulcer - Cartilage engineering | |
Allogeneic | Skin | Yes | Apligraft - Venous leg ulcers - Diabetic foot ulcers OrCel - Partial-thickness burns | |
Neonatal foreskin | Yes | Lyphoderm - Chronic venous ulcer - Partial-thickness burns | ||
Fetus | Yes | ND | ||
Autologous | Skin | Yes | Epicel - Deep dermal or full thickness burns TissueTech Autograft System - Diabetic foot ulcers Bioseed-S - Chronic venous leg ulcers CellSpray - Partial and deep partial-thickness burns Karocells - Partial and deep partial-thickness burns | |
Outer root sheath of scalp hair follicles | Yes | EpiDex - Recalcitrant vascular leg ulcers - Partial-thickness burns | ||
ESC [65] | Autologous | Epidermis (basal layer) | Yes | ND |
Allogeneic | Adipose tissue | Yes | ND | |
Umbilical cord | Yes | ND | ||
Bone marrow | Yes | ND | ||
Autologous | Bone marrow | Yes | ND | |
Adipose tissue | Yes | ND | ||
Stromal vascular fraction [72] | Autologous | Adipose tissue | Yes | ND |
Autologous | Bone marrow | Yes | ND | |
Autologous or Allogeneic | Urine (kidney) | Yes | ND | |
iPSC [78] | Autologous | Skin | No | ND |
Vascular progenitor cells [79] | Allogeneic | Vessels | Yes | ND |
Allogeneic | Vessels | Yes | ND | |
Mononuclear cells [81] | Autologous | Bone marrow | Yes | ND |