Table 3 Growth factor therapy for skin tissue repair
GFs (Refs) | Delivery approach | Dose | In vivo experiment | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Topically HA-EGF conjugate immobilized within HA films | 1 μg per patch once | SD rat (full-thickness dorsal skin excision) | - Being secreted by the platelets and macrophages; - Stimulating proliferation of fibroblasts, the cells that produce collagen; - Reducing the healing time of wounds when applied topically | |
Topically rhEGF-loaded lipid nanoparticles | 20 μg per scar tissue twice a week | White pig (full-thickness dorsal skin excision) | ||
KGF [127] | Topically KGF covalently attached to a fluorescent matrix-binding peptide encapsulated within fibrin | 500 ng/ml | Athymic mouse (full-thickness dorsal skin excision) | - Promotes keratinocytes growth |
TGF-β1 [128] | Topically Incorporated into polyoxamer gel | 1 μg per wound | SD rat (full-thickness skin excision) | - Stimulating growth and migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts to the affected area - Promoting the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis), ensuring adequate blood supply to the healing wound |
TGF-β2 [129] | Subcutaneous implantation Gelatin microspheres | 0.5 μg per implant | Athymic rat (subcutaneous implantation) | |
HGF [130] | Subcutaneous injection | 2 mg per scar tissue once | Rabbit (full-thickness skin excision) | - Reducing scarring |
VEGF [131] | Implantation VEGF-loaded alginate microspheres | 2 and 4 μg | Wistar rat (small incision in the groin) | - Enabling the most extensive blood vessel formation with microspheres containing 4 μg of VEGF |
PDGF Regranex® [132] | Topically Carboxymethyl-cellulose hydrogel | 100 μg/g | Patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes suffering from chronic ulcers | - Being secreted by the platelets, - Attracting fibroblasts and macrophages to the area of injured tissue |
TGF-β3 [133] | Topically BMSC overexpressing TGF-β3 | 0.5 ml (1.3 × 105 cells/ml) | Rabbit (full-thickness skin excision) | - Reducing scar depth and density |
bFGF [134] | Topically Poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(dl-lactide) microfibrous mats containing bFGF | ND | Diabetic SD rat (full-thickness dorsal skin excision) | - Enabling higher complete wound closure rate - Stimulating collagen deposition and ECM remodeling bFGF-loaded mats |
HGF+bFGF [135] | Topically Collagen/gelatin sponge | 10 μg/cm2 + 7 μg/cm2 | C57BL/6JJcl mouse (full-thickness dorsal skin excision) | - Dual release of HGFC and bFGF ensured re-epithelization and angiogenesis. |
Platelet-rich fibrin extract [136] | Topically Gelatin gel | 3.3 ml of blood per defect | Wistar rat (full-thickness dorsal skin excision) | - Promoting neovascularization and formation of granulation tissue. - Epidermalization started in 1 week |
VEGF+PDGF+ bFGF+EGF [137] | Topically Collagen-HA membrane | 0.1 μg/mg (each) | Diabetic SD rat (full-thickness dorsal skin excision) | - Increasing wound healing rate - Enhancing the collagen deposition and maturation of vessels. |