Table 4 Scaffolds applied in the skin tissue regeneration and wound healing
Scaffolds (Refs) | Origin | BD | Cell component | CA | Example of commercial products |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decellularized material-based | |||||
Small intestine, acellular lyophilized [164] | Porcine | Yes | Not included | Yes | OASIS Wound Matrix |
Allogeneic | Yes | Not included | Yes | AlloDerm, Karoderm, SureDerm | |
Dermis, acellular pre-meshed [167] | Allogeneic | Yes | Not included | Yes | GraftJacket |
Dermis, acellular lyophilized, coated with elastin hydrolysate [166] | Bovine | Yes | Not included | Yes | Matriderm |
Porcine | Yes | Not included | Yes | Permacol Surgical Implant | |
Collagen-based scaffolds | |||||
Bovine | Yes | Allogeneic keratinocytes and fibroblasts | Yes | Apligraft | |
Autologous keratinocytes and fibroblasts | Yes | PermaDerm | |||
Collagen, aldehyde cross-linked reconstituted [170] | Porcine | Yes | Not included | Yes | EZ Derm |
Collagen, sponge [52] | Bovine | Yes | Allogeneic keratinocytes and fibroblasts | Yes | OrCel |
Collagen, cross-linked Glycosaminoglycan Polysiloxane [171] | Bovine/synthetic | Yes/no | Not included | Yes | Integra Dermal Regeneration |
Collagen, cross-linked Glycosaminoglycan Polysiloxane [70] | Bovine/synthetic | Yes/no | Autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells | No | ND |
Collagen, lyophilized cross-linked sponge, heat-denatured | Bovine/synthetic | Yes/no | Not included | Yes | Terudermis |
Atelocollagen Silicone/silicone fortified with silicone gaze TREX [172, 174] | Porcine/synthetic | Yes/no | Not included | Yes | Pelnac Standard/Pelnac Fortified |
Collagen Silicone, film | Porcine/synthetic | Yes/no | Allogeneic fibroblasts | Yes | Biobrane/Biobrane-L, TransCyte |
Hyaluronic acid-based | |||||
Recombinant | Yes | Autologous keratinocytes and fibroblasts | Yes | TissueTech Autograft System, LaserSkin (Vivoderm) | |
Allogeneic | Yes | Autologous fibroblasts | Yes | Hyalograft 3D | |
HYAFF, derivative of hyaluronan Silicone, membrane [177] | Allogeneic/synthetic | Yes/no | Not included | Yes | Hyalomatrix PA |
Other biopolymer-based | |||||
Silk fibroin/alginate, sponge [178] | Xenogeneic/synthetic | Yes/no | Not included | No | ND |
Recombinant | No | Not included | No | ND | |
Synthetic material-based | |||||
Polyethylene oxide terephthalate/Polybutylene terephthalate [55] | Synthetic | No | Autologous keratinocytes and fibroblasts | Yes | PolyActive |
Polyglycolic acid/polylactic acid | Synthetic | Yes | Allogeneic fibroblasts | Yes | Dermagraft |