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Table 1 Hypoxia or serum deprivation may exert destructive effects or protective effects on MSCs according to the specific conditions

From: Modulating autophagy in mesenchymal stem cells effectively protects against hypoxia- or ischemia-induced injury

Animal donor

MSC source

Treatment

Toxin

Autophagy

Mechanism

Effect

Reference

Mouse

Bone marrow

N/A

0% O2 (hypoxia or H/R)

↑

ERK1/2 pathway↑

Promote autophagic responses

[71]

Mouse

Bone marrow

N/A

1% O2 (H/SD)

↑

AMPK/mTOR signal pathway↑

Increase the apoptosis of MSCs

[72]

Rats

Bone marrow and adipose

N/A

NaN3 and 2DG

↑

VEGF↑; angiopoietin-1↓; extracellular matrix molecules↓

Enhance cell death

[73]

Human

Bone marrow

Serum deprivation

0.1% O2 and total glucose depletion

↑

mTOR↓; glycolysis↑

Maintain viability and ATP levels

[74]

Mouse

Bone marrow

1% O2

N/A

↑

Apelin/APJ/autophagy signaling pathway↑

Enhance MSC proliferation

[75]

Rat

Bone marrow

5% O2

Lipopolysaccharide

↑

HIF-1α↑

Improve cell activity and decrease apoptosis rate of MSCs

[76]

Mouse

Bone marrow

0.5% O2

H/SD

↑

AMP-activated protein kinase↑; mTOR↓

Protect MSCs from H/SD-induced injury

[77]

Human

Bone marrow

1%, 2%, 3%, 4% O2

N/A

↓

Mitochondrial activity↓

Decrease cellular size and increase cellular complexity

[78]

Rat

Bone marrow

ATV

H/SD

↑

AMPK/mTOR pathway↑

Enhance MSC survival

[79]

Rat

Bone marrow

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)

H/SD

↑

AMPK/mTOR pathway↑; autophagy↑

Attenuate apoptosis of MSCs

[80]

Rat

Bone marrow

Overexpression of HIF-1α

OGD

↑

Autophagy↑; PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway↓

Improve cell activity and reduce apoptosis rate of MSCs

[82]

Rat

Bone marrow

Sitagliptin

H/SD

↓

Bcl-2/Beclin-1 pathway↑

Attenuate apoptosis of MSCs

[83]