|
Mouse
|
Bone marrow
|
N/A
|
0% O2 (hypoxia or H/R)
|
↑
|
ERK1/2 pathway↑
|
Promote autophagic responses
|
[71]
|
|
Mouse
|
Bone marrow
|
N/A
|
1% O2 (H/SD)
|
↑
|
AMPK/mTOR signal pathway↑
|
Increase the apoptosis of MSCs
|
[72]
|
|
Rats
|
Bone marrow and adipose
|
N/A
|
NaN3 and 2DG
|
↑
|
VEGF↑; angiopoietin-1↓; extracellular matrix molecules↓
|
Enhance cell death
|
[73]
|
|
Human
|
Bone marrow
|
Serum deprivation
|
0.1% O2 and total glucose depletion
|
↑
|
mTOR↓; glycolysis↑
|
Maintain viability and ATP levels
|
[74]
|
|
Mouse
|
Bone marrow
|
1% O2
|
N/A
|
↑
|
Apelin/APJ/autophagy signaling pathway↑
|
Enhance MSC proliferation
|
[75]
|
|
Rat
|
Bone marrow
|
5% O2
|
Lipopolysaccharide
|
↑
|
HIF-1α↑
|
Improve cell activity and decrease apoptosis rate of MSCs
|
[76]
|
|
Mouse
|
Bone marrow
|
0.5% O2
|
H/SD
|
↑
|
AMP-activated protein kinase↑; mTOR↓
|
Protect MSCs from H/SD-induced injury
|
[77]
|
|
Human
|
Bone marrow
|
1%, 2%, 3%, 4% O2
|
N/A
|
↓
|
Mitochondrial activity↓
|
Decrease cellular size and increase cellular complexity
|
[78]
|
|
Rat
|
Bone marrow
|
ATV
|
H/SD
|
↑
|
AMPK/mTOR pathway↑
|
Enhance MSC survival
|
[79]
|
|
Rat
|
Bone marrow
|
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
|
H/SD
|
↑
|
AMPK/mTOR pathway↑; autophagy↑
|
Attenuate apoptosis of MSCs
|
[80]
|
|
Rat
|
Bone marrow
|
Overexpression of HIF-1α
|
OGD
|
↑
|
Autophagy↑; PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway↓
|
Improve cell activity and reduce apoptosis rate of MSCs
|
[82]
|
|
Rat
|
Bone marrow
|
Sitagliptin
|
H/SD
|
↓
|
Bcl-2/Beclin-1 pathway↑
|
Attenuate apoptosis of MSCs
|
[83]
|
