Animal donor | MSC source | Treatment | Toxin | Autophagy | Mechanism | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mouse | Bone marrow | N/A | 0% O2 (hypoxia or H/R) | ↑ | ERK1/2 pathway↑ | Promote autophagic responses | [71] |
Mouse | Bone marrow | N/A | 1% O2 (H/SD) | ↑ | AMPK/mTOR signal pathway↑ | Increase the apoptosis of MSCs | [72] |
Rats | Bone marrow and adipose | N/A | NaN3 and 2DG | ↑ | VEGF↑; angiopoietin-1↓; extracellular matrix molecules↓ | Enhance cell death | [73] |
Human | Bone marrow | Serum deprivation | 0.1% O2 and total glucose depletion | ↑ | mTOR↓; glycolysis↑ | Maintain viability and ATP levels | [74] |
Mouse | Bone marrow | 1% O2 | N/A | ↑ | Apelin/APJ/autophagy signaling pathway↑ | Enhance MSC proliferation | [75] |
Rat | Bone marrow | 5% O2 | Lipopolysaccharide | ↑ | HIF-1α↑ | Improve cell activity and decrease apoptosis rate of MSCs | [76] |
Mouse | Bone marrow | 0.5% O2 | H/SD | ↑ | AMP-activated protein kinase↑; mTOR↓ | Protect MSCs from H/SD-induced injury | [77] |
Human | Bone marrow | 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% O2 | N/A | ↓ | Mitochondrial activity↓ | Decrease cellular size and increase cellular complexity | [78] |
Rat | Bone marrow | ATV | H/SD | ↑ | AMPK/mTOR pathway↑ | Enhance MSC survival | [79] |
Rat | Bone marrow | Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) | H/SD | ↑ | AMPK/mTOR pathway↑; autophagy↑ | Attenuate apoptosis of MSCs | [80] |
Rat | Bone marrow | Overexpression of HIF-1α | OGD | ↑ | Autophagy↑; PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway↓ | Improve cell activity and reduce apoptosis rate of MSCs | [82] |
Rat | Bone marrow | Sitagliptin | H/SD | ↓ | Bcl-2/Beclin-1 pathway↑ | Attenuate apoptosis of MSCs | [83] |