Table 2 Autophagy may regulate MSC activities in vivo and repair I/R-induced injury in different tissues
Tissue | MSC source | Dose | Route | Animal | Treatment | Time point | Autophagy | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heart | Bone marrow | 1 × 106 | Injection into the peri-infarcted areas | Mouse | 1% O2 | Transplantation immediately after MI | ↑ | Alleviate the apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes; preserve heart function; eliminate fibrosis | [21] |
Bone marrow | Exosomes derived from 5 × 106 cells | Injection into the anterior and lateral part of the visibly injured region | Rat | N/A | Transplantation prior to reperfusion | ↑ | Decrease the apoptosis rate of MSCs; reduce the myocardial infarct size | [91] | |
N/A | 2 × 105 | Injection into the peri-infarcted areas | Mouse | N/A | Transplantation at 30 min after MI | ↓ | Reduce infarct size; improve cardiac function | [92] | |
N/A | 5 μg MSC-derived exosomes | Injection into the peri-infarcted areas | Mouse | N/A | Transplantation at 30 min after MI | ↓ | Reduce infarct size; improve cardiac function | [92] | |
Bone marrow | 1 × 106 | Intramyocardial injection | Rat | Overexpression of Let-7b in MSCs | Transplantation immediately after MI | ↓ | Improve left ventricular function and microvessel density | [93] | |
Brain | Bone marrow | 5 × 106 | Retro-orbital injection | Rat | N/A | Transplantation after 1 h and 24 h reperfusion | ↓ | Promote neurite growth and regeneration | [104] |
Bone marrow | 2 × 106 | Intravenous injection | Rat | N/A | Transplantation at 30 min after TBI | ↓ | Promote histological and functional recovery in the brain | [105] | |
Adipose | 100 μg/kg/day of MSC-derived exosomes | Injection into the lateral cerebral ventricle | Rat | Overexpression of PEDF | Transplantation at 3 days prior to MCAO surgery | ↑ | Inhibit neuronal apoptosis; ameliorate cerebral I/R injury | [108] | |
Bone marrow | 1 × 106 | Injection into the striatum of the ipsilateral hemisphere | Rat | Overexpression of HIF-1α | Transplantation at 4 h after MCAO | ↑ | Reduce brain infarct volume; improve neurobehavioral outcome | [103] | |
Bone marrow | 5 × 106 | Injection into the superficial dorsal veins | Rat | Overexpression of HO-1 | Immediate transplantation following the surgery | ↑ | Exert protective effects on liver grafts following reduced-size liver transplantation | [116] | |
|  | Bone marrow | 1 × 106 | Portal vein | Rat | Overexpression of heat shock protein (HSP) | Transplantation at 60 min after reperfusion | ↑ | Decrease the levels of serum aminotransferases and Suzuki scores; improve cell survival and histopathology | [117] |
Retina | Bone marrow | 5 × 104 | Intravitreal transplantation | Rat | N/A | Transplantation at 24 h postischemia | ↑ | Eliminate ischemic damage in the retina | [120] |
|  | Bone marrow | 4 × 106 | Injection into the ischemic muscle along the femoral artery | Rat | 5% O2 | Transplantation immediately after surgery | ↑ | Upregulate the pro-angiogenic effects and therapeutic effects of engrafted MSCs in the lower limb of ischemic diabetic rats | [76] |
|  | Adipose | 1.0 × 107 | Injection into the left adductor muscle | Mouse | Apelin | Transplantation immediately after surgery and lasting for consecutive 14 days | ↑ | Enhance the survival of MSCs in ischemic hindlimbs; restore hindlimb blood perfusion; repair limb functions in peripheral arterial disease | [122] |