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Fig. 1 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 1

From: Therapeutic angiogenesis using stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: an emerging approach for treatment of ischemic diseases

Fig. 1

Generation and release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). a Healthy cells produce exosomes and MVs. Exosomes occur through three steps: cytomembrane recess inward to form early endosomes, intraluminal vesicle forming in multi-vesicular endosomes (MVEs) by intraluminal budding, and MVE fusing with cell membranes to release ILVs as exosomes. MVs bud outward directly from the plasma membrane. b Apoptotic cells produce ApoBDs. ApoBDs bud outward directly from the apoptotic membrane. ApoBDs are thought to be connected with self-cleaning of aging cells and intercellular immune regulation

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Stem Cell Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1757-6512