Table 2 Summary of in vitro studies on tenogenic differentiation by growth factors in horse
Growth factor | Concentration | Other modification | Cell source | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TGFB3 | 20 ng/ml | 2D and 3D cultures | Tenocytes and ESCs | Unlike tenocytes, ESCs upregulated tendon markers in 2D culture and showed synergic effect with TGFB3 and 3D; no cartilage or bone tissue deposition | |
TGFB3 | 20 ng/ml | 3D collagen gel | IPS | Reduced expression of tendon-related marker of iPSCs in 3D versus 2D culture | [5] |
BMP12 | 50 ng/ml |  | AF-MSCs | Elongated and spindle-shaped; expressed TNMD and DCN genes | [63] |
BMP12 | 50 ng/ml |  | BM-MSCs | Elongated tenocyte-like phenotype; expressed TNMD and DCN genes | [64] |
BMP12 | 50 ng/ml |  | UCB-MSCs | Expression of SCX, MKX, TNM, COL1, and DCN by RT-PCR; expression of protein TNM, DCN | [65] |
TGFB3, EGF2, bFGF2, IGF-1 | 10 ng/ml | LLLT | PB-MSCs | Supplementation with bFGF2 and TGFB3 upregulated expression of EGR1, and DCN; increased TNC with LLLT | [66] |
PDGF-BB, IGF-1, bFGF, SDF-1 α, and GDF-5 | 5, 50, 5, 50 and 100 ng/ml respectively | Scaffold | Tenocytes | Effect of pairing IGF-1, GDF-5 rescue the tenocyte phenotype and gene expression profiles and driving proliferation | [67] |
TGFB1, IGF-1, insulin | 10 ng/ml and 50 ng/ml | 2D and 3D cultures | Tenocyte | Pro-tenogenic effect with 3D culture system treated with GFs | [40] |
GDF5, GDF6 and GDF7 | 10 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml | Strain stimulation; oxygen tension | AD-MSC | Expression of tendon-relevant genes were higher with an oxygen tension of 21%, tensile stimulation and supplementation with GDF5 or GDF 7 | [68] |
IGF-1 | 100 ng/ml | Acellular tendon matrix | BM-MSCs and TDSCs | COL and GAG syntheses were higher in TDSCs; no significant difference was observed in the expression of COL1, COL3, and COMP between BM-MSCs and TDSCs | [69] |
TGFB3 | 2.5 ng/ml | Treated with Gremlin and SOST; nanofiber scaffold | ASCs | Increased tenogenic markers; decreased osteo-chondrogenic markers treated with T/G/S on nanofiber scaffold | Our unpublished data |