Fig. 3

The hESC-MSCs exhibit signatures of adult MSCs but superiority in long-term proliferation. a Adipogenic differentiation potential of hESC-MSCs and hBM-MSCs was identified by Oil red O staining (scale bar = 100 μm). b qRT-PCR analysis of the adipogenic markers (ADIPOQ, PPAR-γ) in hESC-MSCs and hBM-MSCs. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 3). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. All values are normalized to the hBM-MSC group (= 1). c Osteogenic differentiation potential of hESC-MSCs and hBM-MSCs was identified by Alizarin red staining (scale bar = 100 μm). d qRT-PCR analysis of the osteogenic markers (RUNX2, BGLAP) in hESC-MSCs and hBM-MSCs. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 3). *P < 0.05. All values are normalized to the hBM-MSC group (= 1). e Chondrogenic differentiation potential of hESC-MSCs and hBM-MSCs was identified by Alcian blue staining (scale bar = 100 μm). f qRT-PCR analysis of the chondrogenic markers (ACAN, SOX9) in hESC-MSCs and hBM-MSCs. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 3). NS, not significant. All values are normalized to the hBM-MSC group (= 1). g Karyotype analysis of hESC-MSCs and hBM-MSCs with G-banded chromosome experiment. h Expansion potential of hESC-MSCs and hBM-MSCs for 12 passages by population doubling assay (Pd). Data are shown as mean ± SEM (N = 3)