Fig. 1

Characterisation and differentiation of ADMSC. a Flow cytometry analysis of ADMSC surface marker profiling. Cells were stained and characterised based on CD90⁺, CD44⁺, CD105⁺ and CD73⁺ markers using flow cytometry, and plots were analysed with FACSDiva software. b ADMSC were cultivated on glass slides for 5 days using adipogenic culture medium. Slides were washed with 50% ethanol, and intracellular fat vacuoles were stained red with Sudan III (arrow) following treatment with adipogenic (b (1)) or regular (b (2)) medium. Magnification × 200. c The conversion of ADMSC into osteoblast-like cells was demonstrated cultivating them with osteogenic medium. c (1) shows ADMSC cultivated with regular medium, c (2) and c (3) cultivated with osteogenic medium for 5 days. Osteoblast-like cells were identified using alizarin red, and images were captured with a light microscopy Leica microsystem ICC50 HD. For c (1) and c (3), × 200 magnification and, for c2, × 50 magnification were considered