Fig. 1
Flowchart of testicular torsion-detorsion and study design. a Rats received surgical 720° testicular torsion for 3 h on the left testis and sham operation of right side. Twenty microliter phosphate-buffered saline with or without 3 × 104 human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) was administrated via local injection to the left testis 30 min before detorsion. Animals were sacrificed for orchiectomy of both testis on the day 3. b Testis and epididymis were separated, and epididymis was shredded and incubated in normal saline at 37 °C for 3 h to collect sperm