Skip to main content

Table 1 A selective overview of studies reporting exosomes in diseases

From: Recent advances of exosomes in immune-mediated eye diseases

Disease involved

Cellular origin of exosomes

Exosomal cargo

Biological function and (or) action mechanism

References

Colitis

Mouse Tregs

Let-7d

Suppress Th1 cell proliferation and secretion of IFN-γ

[36]

Cancer

Cancer cell lines

PD-L1

Suppress T cell activity in the draining lymph node by presenting PD-L1

[41]

Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion

Mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs

miR-182

Modulate macrophage polarization via targeting the TLR4/NF-B/PI3K/Akt signaling cascades

[43]

SS

Salivary gland epithelial cells

Autoantigenic Ro/SS-A, La/SS-B and Sm RNPs

Present intracellular autoantigens to immune system to induce immune response or tolerance

[51]

SS

EVB-infected B lymphocytes

miR-BART13-3p (exogenous)

Target AQP5 and STIM1, impact activation of a critical Ca2+ entry, impair salivary gland function

[52]

kidney allotransplantation

Tregs generated by dendritic cells transfected with adenovirus-encoding dnIKK2 in vitro

Specifc miRNAs and iNOS enzyme

Inhibit T cell alloreactivity, promote Tregs generation, prolong kidney allograft survival

[53]

Islet transplantation

Human bone marrow-derived MSCs transfected by overexpressed siFas and anti-miR-375 in plasmid

siFas and anti-miR-375 (exogenous)

Silence Fas and miR-375 of human islets, inhibit early apoptosis of transplanted human islets

[54]

Corneal implant

In-growing pig corneal epithelium cells

 

Generate matrix components, promote corneal regeneration

[55]

Corneal wound healing

Mouse corneal epithelial cells

Thrombospondin-2, latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1, C-X-C motif chemokine 5, and C-C motif chemokine 2

Trigger keratocyte proliferation, convert keratocyte transformation into myofibroblasts, angiogenesis

[56]

Corneal wound healing

Normal human cornea limbal keratocytes

Small RNAs

Enhance proliferation and wound healing rates of limbal epithelial cells through activating Akt signaling

[57]

Corneal wound healing

Human corneal MSCs

 

Accelerate corneal epithelial wound healing

[58]

Noninfectious uveitis

ARPE-19

 

Inhibit T-cell proliferation, regulate human monocyte phenotype and viability

[59]

Autoimmune uveoretinitis

Human bone marrow-derived MSCs

 

Prevent the onset of EAU by suppressing Th1/Th17 development and inhibiting T cell proliferation

[60]

Autoimmune uveitis

Human umbilical cord-derived MSCs

 

Exert therapeutic effects on EAU by inhibiting inflammatory cell migration

[61]

AMD

ARPE-19

Complement protein C3

Targets for complement factor H, interact with the complement pathways

[62]

Laser-induced choroidal neovascularization

Mouse retinal astroglial cells

Endostatin, KC/Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1, matrix metalloproteinase-3 and -9, nephroblastoma-overexpressed, pigment endothelium-derived factor, proliferin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1

Suppress retinal vascular leakage, reduce choroidal neovascularization

[63]

Atherosclerosis

Mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs

miR-let7 family

Decrease macrophage infiltration via miR-let7/IGF2BP1/PTEN pathway,

regulate macrophage polarization via miR-let7/HMGA2/NF-kB pathway

[64]

Cancer

Human bone marrow-derived MSCs

miR-100

Decrease the expression and secretion of VEGF via modulating the mTOR/HIF-1α signaling

[65]

Hyperglycemia-induced retinal inflammation

Human umbilical cord-derived MSCs

miR-126

Suppress the hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory response via downregulating HMGB1 signaling

[66]

  1. This list is limited to studies presented in this review. Tregs regulatory T cells, PD-L1 programmed death-ligand 1, MSCs mesenchymal stem cell, SS Sjögren’s syndrome, RNPs ribonucleoproteins, EVB Epstein-Barr virus, AQP5 aquaporin 5, STIMI stromal interacting molecule 1, iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase, siFas siRNA against Fas receptor, ARPE-19 human retinal pigment epithelium cell line, EAU experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis, AMD age-related macular degeneration, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, HMGB1 high-mobility group box 1