From: Recent advances of exosomes in immune-mediated eye diseases
Disease involved | Cellular origin of exosomes | Exosomal cargo | Biological function and (or) action mechanism | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Colitis | Mouse Tregs | Let-7d | Suppress Th1 cell proliferation and secretion of IFN-γ | [36] |
Cancer | Cancer cell lines | PD-L1 | Suppress T cell activity in the draining lymph node by presenting PD-L1 | [41] |
Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion | Mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs | miR-182 | Modulate macrophage polarization via targeting the TLR4/NF-B/PI3K/Akt signaling cascades | [43] |
SS | Salivary gland epithelial cells | Autoantigenic Ro/SS-A, La/SS-B and Sm RNPs | Present intracellular autoantigens to immune system to induce immune response or tolerance | [51] |
SS | EVB-infected B lymphocytes | miR-BART13-3p (exogenous) | Target AQP5 and STIM1, impact activation of a critical Ca2+ entry, impair salivary gland function | [52] |
kidney allotransplantation | Tregs generated by dendritic cells transfected with adenovirus-encoding dnIKK2 in vitro | Specifc miRNAs and iNOS enzyme | Inhibit T cell alloreactivity, promote Tregs generation, prolong kidney allograft survival | [53] |
Islet transplantation | Human bone marrow-derived MSCs transfected by overexpressed siFas and anti-miR-375 in plasmid | siFas and anti-miR-375 (exogenous) | Silence Fas and miR-375 of human islets, inhibit early apoptosis of transplanted human islets | [54] |
Corneal implant | In-growing pig corneal epithelium cells | Â | Generate matrix components, promote corneal regeneration | [55] |
Corneal wound healing | Mouse corneal epithelial cells | Thrombospondin-2, latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1, C-X-C motif chemokine 5, and C-C motif chemokine 2 | Trigger keratocyte proliferation, convert keratocyte transformation into myofibroblasts, angiogenesis | [56] |
Corneal wound healing | Normal human cornea limbal keratocytes | Small RNAs | Enhance proliferation and wound healing rates of limbal epithelial cells through activating Akt signaling | [57] |
Corneal wound healing | Human corneal MSCs | Â | Accelerate corneal epithelial wound healing | [58] |
Noninfectious uveitis | ARPE-19 | Â | Inhibit T-cell proliferation, regulate human monocyte phenotype and viability | [59] |
Autoimmune uveoretinitis | Human bone marrow-derived MSCs | Â | Prevent the onset of EAU by suppressing Th1/Th17 development and inhibiting T cell proliferation | [60] |
Autoimmune uveitis | Human umbilical cord-derived MSCs | Â | Exert therapeutic effects on EAU by inhibiting inflammatory cell migration | [61] |
AMD | ARPE-19 | Complement protein C3 | Targets for complement factor H, interact with the complement pathways | [62] |
Laser-induced choroidal neovascularization | Mouse retinal astroglial cells | Endostatin, KC/Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1, matrix metalloproteinase-3 and -9, nephroblastoma-overexpressed, pigment endothelium-derived factor, proliferin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 | Suppress retinal vascular leakage, reduce choroidal neovascularization | [63] |
Atherosclerosis | Mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs | miR-let7 family | Decrease macrophage infiltration via miR-let7/IGF2BP1/PTEN pathway, regulate macrophage polarization via miR-let7/HMGA2/NF-kB pathway | [64] |
Cancer | Human bone marrow-derived MSCs | miR-100 | Decrease the expression and secretion of VEGF via modulating the mTOR/HIF-1α signaling | [65] |
Hyperglycemia-induced retinal inflammation | Human umbilical cord-derived MSCs | miR-126 | Suppress the hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory response via downregulating HMGB1 signaling | [66] |