Fig. 3

Cell viability after cryopreservation. a Explant culture of ASCs isolated from recovered cryo-fat and cryo-gel. Scale = 100 μm. b Colony-forming assay. Viable ASCs from SVF gel grew significantly fewer colonies than those from fresh fat. Short-term freezing (1 month) impaired the colony-forming ability of ASCs. *p = 0.0186, **p = 0.0074. n = 3 independent experiments with 3 donors. c Multilineage differentiated assay. ASCs from 1-month cryopreserved SVF gel maintained the adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation potential. The adipogenic group showed pink Nile Red (+) oil droplets. The osteogenic and chondrogenic groups showed positive staining for calcium deposition (black) or glycosaminoglycans (blue); the nucleus is stained in pink. Scale bar = 100 μm. n = 3 replicate with 1 donor