Fig. 4

Important signaling pathways that govern the differentiation of pancreatic conversion and the mechanism of action of different small molecules and peptides reported on pancreatic differentiation from MSC. Violet boxes represent the small molecule that governs the representative signaling pathways or epigenetic modification. The substrates or proteins in the pathway are represented in a rounded shape. HGF hepatocyte growth factor, SHH sonic hedgehog, APP amyloid precursor protein, RA retinoic acid, ROS reactive oxygen species, EGF epidermal growth factor, HDAC1 histone deacetylase inhibitor 1, HDAC2 histone deacetylase inhibitor 2, Ac acetylation marks, FGF fibroblast growth factor, PKC protein kinase C, BMP bone morphogenic protein, TGF β transforming growth factor, GlyR glycine receptor, GLP-1 glucagon-like protein 1