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Table 1 Overview of MSC-EV-related studies conducted in animal models and in vitro for various diseases

From: Enhancement of therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles

MSC origin

Model

In vivo/in vitro potency

Associated molecule

Ref.

H - AD

Angiogenesis

Increased angiogenic capacity of endothelial cells

miR-125a

[122]

H - AD

Prostate cancer

Decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis

miR-145

[65]

H - BM

Optic nerve crush

Promoted regeneration of retinal ganglion cells axons

Argonaute-2

[34]

H - BM

Leukocyte activation (in vitro)

Decreased inflammatory cytokines in leukocytes

COX2/PGE2

[35]

H - BM

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Promoted nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell growth

FGF19

[38]

H - BM

Breast cancer

Inhibited endothelial cell migration and tube formation using supernatants from EV-treated breast cancer cells

miR-100

[123]

H - BM

Intervertebral disc degeneration

Inhibited nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis

miR-21

[54]

H - BM

Cardiomyocyte contractility (in vitro)

Increased contractility

miR-21p

[124]

H - BM

Gastric cancer

Increased gastric cancer cell migration and invasion

miR-221

[69]

H - BM

Metastatic breast cancer

Induced dormancy

miR-23b

[125]

H - BM

Acute myeloid leukemia

Different patterns of miRNA expression in EVs

miR-26a-5p, miR-101-3p, miR-23b-5p, miR-339-3p, miR-425-5p

[126]

H - BM

Skeletal muscle regeneration

Increased myogenesis and angiogenesis

miR-494

[127]

H - BM

Acute kidney injury

Recovery from renal injury

mRNA (CCNB1, CDK8, CDC6)

[128]

H - DP

Ischemia

Increased angiogenesis

Jagged1

[31]

H - EMB

Osteochondral defect

Increased cartilage repair

CD73

[33]

H - END

Cardiac infarction (in vitro)

Anti-apoptotic/anti-angiogenic effects and cardioprotection

miR-21

[59]

Human glioma

Glioma stem cell activation (in vitro)

Increased glioma stem cell tumorigenicity

miR-1587

[129]

H - PL

Hindlimb ischemia

Increased proangiogenic effect

VEGF/miR-126

[92]

H - UC

Myocardial infarction

Increased endothelial cell migration and tube formation

PDGF-D

[32]

H - UC

Cisplatin-injured renal tubular epithelial cells (in vitro)

Protected against cisplatin-induced injury in renal tubular epithelial cells

14-3-3ζ

[37]

H - UC

Hypoxia-ischemia (in vitro)

Anti-apoptotic effect

miR-let-7e, miR-let-7a

[130]

H - UC

Hepatitis (in vitro)

Protected against infection by hepatitis C virus

miR-let-7f, miR-145, miR-199a, miR-221

[66]

H - UC

Sepsis

Increased survival in mice and decreased inflammatory cytokines in macrophages

miR-146a

[85]

H - UC

Skin defect

Reduced scar formation and myofibroblast development

miR-21, miR-23a, miR-125b, miR-145

[56]

H - UC

Skin defect in diabetes

Promoted healing of cutaneous wounds

miR-let-7b

[84]

M - BM

Acute kidney injury

Recovery from renal injury

CCR2

[36]

M - BM

Kidney transplantation

Increased graft survival

miR-146a

[131]

M - BM

Systemic sclerosis

Increased osteogenesis and decreased adipogenesis

miR-151-5p

[132]

M - BM

Breast cancer

Decreased angiogenesis

miR-16

[133]

M - BM

Hematopoietic cell activation (in vitro)

Decreased autophagy and rejuvenating effects depending on age

miR-17, miR-34a (negative effect), RNA (positive effect)

[134]

M - BM

Alzheimer’s disease

Prevented cognitive decline

miR-21

[55]

M - BM

Myocardial infarction

Promoted cardiac protection

miR-210

[91]

M - BM

Hindlimb ischemia

Restored blood perfusion and promoted angiogenesis

miR-210-3p, VEGF

[135]

M - BM

Cardiac infarction

Decreased cardiac fibrosis

miR-22

[136]

M - BM

Sepsis

Recovered cardiac function

miR-223

[137]

M - BM

Gastric cancer

Increased proliferation and migration

UBR2

[39]

M - EMB

Angiogenesis

Increased angiogenic capacity of endothelial cells

miR-30b

[138]

R - AD

Erectile dysfunction in diabetes

Restored erectile function

miR-126, miR-130a, miR-132, miR-let7b, miR-let7c

[139]

R - BM

Renal fibrosis (in vitro)

TGF-β induced epithelial mesenchymal transition in HK2 cells

miR-294, miR-133b-3p

[140]

R - BM

Stroke

Neuroprotective effects

miR-133b

[141]

R - BM

Middle cerebral artery occlusion

Promoted neurite outgrowth

miR-133b

[142]

R - BM

Colitis

Decreased colitis-associated fibrosis

miR-200b

[143]

R - BM

Ischemic cardiomyopathy (in vitro)

Reduced oxidative injury

miR-21

[58]

  1. Abbreviations: MSC mesenchymal stem cell, EVs extracellular vesicles, H human, M mouse, R rat, BM bone marrow, AD adipose tissue, DP dental pulp, EMB embryonic, END endometrial, PL placental, UC umbilical cord, COX2 cyclooxygenase 2, PGE2 prostaglandin E2, FGF19 fibroblast growth factor 19, CCNB1 cyclin B1, CDK8 cyclin-dependent kinase 8, CDC6 cell division cycle 6, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, PDGF-D platelet-derived growth factor-D, CCR2 C–C chemokine receptor type 2, UBR2 ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 2, TGF tumor growth factor