Table 1 Various concentrations of RSV exert different effects on MSCs in vitro

200 μM

Umbilical cord blood

N/A

Activate SIRT1

Attenuate IL-1β and NLRP3 expression induced by radiation

[41]

1 μM

Bone marrow

N/A

Activate SIRT1 but decrease β-catenin activity, ERK phosphorylation, and GSK-3β phosphorylation

Improve the self-renewal potential and multipotency of early passage MSCs

[42]

1 μM

Bone marrow

N/A

Decrease SIRT1 but increase β-catenin activity, ERK phosphorylation, and GSK-3β phosphorylation

Increase cellular senescence in late passage MSCs

[42]

0.1, 1, and 2.5 μM

Umbilical cord

N/A

Increase SIRT1 level while inhibiting the expression of p53 and p16

Promote cell viability and mitigate the senescence of MSCs

[43]

5 and 10 μM

Umbilical cord

N/A

Inhibit SIRT1 and PCNA and stimulate the expression of p53 and p16

Increase the levels of senescence and apoptosis in MSCs

[43]

60 μM

Menstrual blood

N/A

Reduce oxidative damage in quiescent MSCs and maintain physiological levels of reactive oxygen species in proliferating cells

Induce the reversible blockage of cell proliferation without genotoxic effects in quiescent MSCs and induce irreversible cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, and premature senescence in proliferating MSCs

[44]

10(-8)-10(-6) M

Bone marrow

N/A

Increase NO production and cGMP content

Increase cell growth and the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs

[45]

10⁻⁶ M

Bone marrow

N/A

Activate ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK

Increase cell growth and the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs

[46]

25 μM

Adipose tissue

Collagen-containing RSV scaffolds

Mimic in vivo microenvironment

Increase the level of mineralized matrix in the continuously treated group

[47]

50 μM

Adipose tissue

Collagen-containing RSV scaffolds

Enhance the epithelial and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs

Repair defects in calvarial bone

[48]

10 μM

Bone marrow

N/A

Upregulate the expression of mitofilin

Improve the osteogenic differentiation of senescent MSCs

[49]

10 nM

Periodontal ligament

N/A

Decrease p-NFκB p65 expression and rescue the p-AMPK level

Rescue the impairment of osteogenesis and regeneration in MSCs from periodontitis patients and normal MSCs treated with TNF-α

[50]

1 μM

Bone marrow

N/A

Upregulate hedgehog signaling

Reduce free radical production and protect against CSE-induced injury

[51]

25 μM

Bone marrow

N/A

Substitute for insulin in adipogenic medium and enhance the phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB)

Induce the robust adipogenesis of MSCs

[52]

1 μM

Bone marrow

N/A

N/A

Increase the expression of neuronal marker proteins and the number and length of neurites

[53]

2.5, 5, and 10 μM

Umbilical cord

N/A

Reduce the expression of nestin while upregulating the expression of βIII-tubulin and NSE in a dose-dependent manner and enhance the expression of neurogenin 1 and 2 as well as Mash1

Increase the neuronal differentiation of MSCs

[43]

10 μM

Cord blood

N/A

Increase the levels of protein kinase A, GSK-3β, and ERK1/2

Enhance the phosphorylation of CREB and increase the expression of neural markers

[54]

15 μM

Dental pulp

N/A

Increase the expression of the neuronal-specific marker genes nestin, musashi, and NF-M in MSCs

Promote the neuronal cell differentiation of MSCs

[55]

15.0 and 30.0 mg/L

Umbilical cord

N/A

N/A

Induce the differentiation of hUC-MSCs into neuron-like cells

[56]

1 μM

Bone marrow

N/A

Upregulate AMPK/SIRT1 signaling

Increase the levels of neuroprogenitor markers in MSCs isolated from ALS patients

[57]

10 μM

Cord blood

N/A

Activate the PI3K signaling pathway

Restore the impaired neuronal differentiation ability of MSCs induced by the neurotoxic organophosphate pesticide monocrotophos

[58]

10 μM

Cord blood

N/A

Activate the PI3K-mediated pathway

Repair monocrotophos-induced damage and protect against organophosphate pesticide-induced neurodegeneration

[58]