From: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: a new therapeutic approach to osteoarthritis?
Disease | Composition of exosome cargo | Model | Sample (n) | Function(s) | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RA, OS | Fn (α, β chain), FGB, fibrinogen D fragment, Spα, α2M, IgG1 γ-chain C region, Fn/IgG complex | Human | 15 | Induction of T cells, enhancement of T cell immunity, Inhibition of TNF, antigen presentation | [65] |
RA | Integrin CD41 | Human | Not mentioned | – | [66] |
RA | LYVE-1 ↑ | Human | 60 | Lymphangiogenesis | [67] |
AA | AA tended to be higher in patients with higher disease activity | ||||
RA | TNF-α | Human | 10 | Induction of apoptosis resistance in CD4+ T cell via sustaining the activities of both Akt and NF-κB, and blocking some effects of caspase activation | [62] |
Collagen-induced arthritis | CD71, HSP70 | Mice | 2 | Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects | [68] |
RA | MHC I and II molecules, CD11c, CD86, CD178 | Mice | – | Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects | [69] |
Collagen-induced arthritis | HSC70, CD81, CD80/86, MHC I, and MHC II | Mice | 2 | Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects | [70] |
RA, PsA | Rank in PA↓, in RA↑ | Human | 22 | Modulation of the osteoclastogenesis | [71] |
OA | hsa-miR-4717-5p ↑ | Human | 6 | Modulation of the RGS2 | [72] |
RA | miR-17 ↑ | Human | 25 | Regulation of Treg differentiation by inhibiting TGFBR II expression and disrupting the homeostasis of Tregs. | [73] |
RA | miR-6089 ↓ | Human | 76 | Regulation of IL-6, IL-29, and TNF-α production by targeting LPS/TLR4-mediated inflammatory response | [74] |
RA | miR-548a-3p ↓ | Human | 76 | Inhibition of proliferation and activation by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway | [75] |
OS | Different types | Human | 41 | Estrogen responsive in female osteoarthritis and targeting TLR signaling pathways | [60] |
RA | miR-221-3p ↑ | Mice | 30 | Inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by suppressing the expression of Dkk2 and regulation of signaling pathways at erosion sites that affect bone loss and compensatory bone formation | [76] |
OA | PCGEM1 ↑ | Human | 42 | Triggering proliferation of osteoarthritic synoviocytes and progression of OA | [77] |
RA | Hotair↑ | Human | 28 | Activation of MMP-2 and MMP-13 in osteoclasts and RA synoviocytes and leading to migration of active macrophage | [78] |
LUST↑ | |||||
anti-NOS2A↑ | |||||
MEG9↑ | |||||
TUG1↑ | |||||
NEAT1↑ | |||||
SNHG4↑ | |||||
Malat1↓ | |||||
SNHG1↓ | |||||
PR antisense↓ | |||||
mascRNA↓ | |||||
PRINS↓ | |||||
transcripts↓ | |||||
HOXA3as↓ | |||||
OA | Not mentioned | Human | 10 | Stimulation of M1 macrophages to release IL-1β/ IL-16, CCL20/CCL15/CXCL1) and MMP12/MMP7 | [59] |