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Table 1 Exosomes and their cargos in arthritis

From: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: a new therapeutic approach to osteoarthritis?

Disease

Composition of exosome cargo

Model

Sample (n)

Function(s)

Ref

RA, OS

Fn (α, β chain), FGB, fibrinogen D fragment, Spα, α2M, IgG1 γ-chain C region, Fn/IgG complex

Human

15

Induction of T cells, enhancement of T cell immunity, Inhibition of TNF, antigen presentation

[65]

RA

Integrin CD41

Human

Not mentioned

[66]

RA

LYVE-1 ↑

Human

60

Lymphangiogenesis

[67]

AA

AA tended to be higher in patients with higher disease activity

RA

TNF

Human

10

Induction of apoptosis resistance in CD4+ T cell via sustaining the activities of both Akt and NF-κB, and blocking some effects of caspase activation

[62]

Collagen-induced arthritis

CD71, HSP70

Mice

2

Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects

[68]

RA

MHC I and II molecules, CD11c, CD86, CD178

Mice

Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects

[69]

Collagen-induced arthritis

HSC70, CD81, CD80/86, MHC I, and MHC II

Mice

2

Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects

[70]

RA, PsA

Rank in PA↓, in RA↑

Human

22

Modulation of the osteoclastogenesis

[71]

OA

hsa-miR-4717-5p ↑

Human

6

Modulation of the RGS2

[72]

RA

miR-17 ↑

Human

25

Regulation of Treg differentiation by inhibiting TGFBR II expression and disrupting the homeostasis of Tregs.

[73]

RA

miR-6089 ↓

Human

76

Regulation of IL-6, IL-29, and TNF-α production by targeting LPS/TLR4-mediated inflammatory response

[74]

RA

miR-548a-3p ↓

Human

76

Inhibition of proliferation and activation by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway

[75]

OS

Different types

Human

41

Estrogen responsive in female osteoarthritis and targeting TLR signaling pathways

[60]

RA

miR-221-3p ↑

Mice

30

Inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by suppressing the expression of Dkk2 and regulation of signaling pathways at erosion sites that affect bone loss and compensatory bone formation

[76]

OA

PCGEM1 ↑

Human

42

Triggering proliferation of osteoarthritic synoviocytes and progression of OA

[77]

RA

Hotair↑

Human

28

Activation of MMP-2 and MMP-13 in osteoclasts and RA synoviocytes and leading to migration of active macrophage

[78]

LUST↑

anti-NOS2A↑

MEG9↑

TUG1↑

NEAT1↑

SNHG4↑

Malat1↓

SNHG1↓

PR antisense↓

mascRNA↓

PRINS↓

transcripts↓

HOXA3as↓

OA

Not mentioned

Human

10

Stimulation of M1 macrophages to release IL-1β/ IL-16, CCL20/CCL15/CXCL1) and MMP12/MMP7

[59]

  1. AA amyloid A, anti-NOS2A anti-nitric oxide synthase 2 A, CCL20 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20, CD41 cluster of differentiation 41, Dkk2 Dickkopf-related protein 2, Fn fibrin, Hotair HOX Transcript Antisense RNA, HOXA3 Homeobox A3, HSC70 heat shock cognate protein 70, HSP70 heat shock protein70, IL-6 interleukin 6, LPS/TLR4 lipopolysaccharide/Toll-like receptor 4, LUST Luca-15-specific transcript, LYVE-1 lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1, mascRNA MALAT1-associated small cytoplasmic RNA, Malat1 metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1, MEG9 maternally expressed 9, MMP-2 matrix metallopeptidases-2, MHC I and II major histocompatibility complex I and II, NEAT1 nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1, NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, OA osteoarthritis, PRINS psoriasis-susceptibility related RNA gene induced by stress, PsA psoriatic arthritis, RA rheumatoid arthritis, Rank receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B, RGS2 regulator Of G protein signaling 2, SNHG4 small nucleolar RNA host gene 4, Spα surface plasmon alfa, TNF tumor necrosis factor, TUG1 taurine upregulated gene 1