Applications of miRNAs in cardiac development, disease progression and regeneration

Table 2 miRNAs with known associations to cardiovascular diseases

miRNA	Animal models	Targets	Level of expression	Cardiovascular diseases	References
miR-1	Mice	Hand2	Downregulated	Ventricular septal defect	[51]
	Mice	Mef2a, calmodulin	Downregulated	Cardiac hypertrophy	[73, 74]
	Rat	Kcnj2	Upregulated	Atrial fibrillation	[75, 76]
	Rat	Kcnj2	Downregulated	Ventricular arrhythmia	[77]
	Human	GJA1, SOX9	Downregulated	Ventricular septal defect	[59]
miR-21	Human	–	Upregulated	Myocardial infarction	[65]
miR-23a	Mice	Foxo3a	Upregulated	Cardiac hypertrophy	[67]
miR-29b	Human	–	Upregulated	Myocardial infarction	[65]
miR-126	Mice	Spred1, PI3KR2a	Downregulated	Defective angiogenesis, leaky and fragile vessels	[78]
miR-181	Human	BMPR2	Upregulated	Ventricular septal defect	[59]
miR-195	Human	CHECK1	Upregulated	Ventricular septal defect	[9]
miR-328	Mice, rat	Cacna1c, Cacnb2	Upregulated	Atrial fibrillation	[79]
miR-421	Human	SOX2	Upregulated	Tetralogy of fallot	[80]

ISSN: 1757-6512