Fig. 2
From: lncRNAs: function and mechanism in cartilage development, degeneration, and regeneration
Inflammation, angiogenesis, hyperproliferation, ECM degeneration, apoptosis, and autophagy are the main causes of cartilage degeneration. LncRNA HOTAIR, PACER, CILinc01, and CILinc01 are involved in the inflammation process. LncRNA MEG3, PART1, LINC00917, and CTD-2246P4.1 promote the angiogenesis through regulating the expression of vascular factor. LncRNA RP11-296A18.3 acts as a sponge of miR-138 to induce chondrocytes hyperproliferation. LncHCG18 induces apoptosis and autophagy of chondrocyte through the NF-kB pathway. LncRNA HOTAIR, AC005082.12, and HOTTIP play a crucial role in the process of ECM degeneration