Fig. 4

Blue light-treated MSC-Exs enhance the influx of vascular cells into the matrigel plug in mice. a In vivo experimental scheme for 455-nm blue light stimulation of the MSC exosomes in matrigel plug assay in BALB/C-nu mice. b Representative pictures of in vivo matrigel plug assay lead to cell infiltration into the matrigel plug with MSC exosomes with/without blue light irradiation. The bottom photos were amplification of the box on the above photos. c Quantitation data of cell infiltration in the presence of blue light-stimulated MSC-Exs compared to control MSC-Exs matrigel plugs. Results are presented as means ± SD of three independent experiments. ****P < 0.0001. d Representative pictures of CD31 and α-SMA staining in matrigel plugs with blue light-stimulated MSC-Exs and control MSC-Exs. e Quantitation data of CD31⁺ and α-SMA⁺ cells demonstrated that more endothelial cells infiltrate the matrigel plug in the presence of blue light-stimulated MSC-Exs. Results are presented as means ± SD of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05