Fig. 2

Multiple ADSC infusions improved glucose homeostasis by improving insulin sensitivity and promoting pancreatic islet recovery in long-term T2DM complication rats. a Blood glucose levels were detected consecutively after MSC infusions. b, c Concentration of glucose in the blood of three groups after a glucose tolerance test (intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test [IPGTT], b) or insulin tolerance test (intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test [IPITT], c). d HOMA-IR of each group. e GIR during hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp analysis of each group. f, g Immunoblotting analysis of PI3K, p-AKT, and total AKT in epididymal adipose tissue; representative of three independent experiments. The ratios of PI3K to β-actin and p-AKT to total AKT were quantitated. h HOMA-β of each group. i The presence and distribution of insulin- (green) and glucagon-producing (red) cells were evaluated. Bars = 100 μm. j, k The β cell mass and percentage of β cells in the pancreatic islets were measured. N = 6 rats per group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01