Fig. 1
From: Genetically modified mesenchymal stem cell therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome
The mechanisms by which mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) improve lung injury. MSCs secrete an abundance of paracrine soluble factors increase as well as releasing a great quantity of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exerting beneficial effects against lung injury. MSCs can also transfer mitochondria to the injured alveolar epithelium and macrophage, thereby restituting alveolar bioenergetics and enhancing phagocytic activity, respectively. KGF, keratinocyte growth factor; Ang-1, angiopoietin-1; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; IL-10, interleukin-10; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; RNA, ribonucleic acid; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid