Fig. 2

Scaffold design (a–c) and scaffold implantation (d–i): a Scaffold dimensions. b Place in the opening of the scaffold (blue line) used to insert the vascular pedicle inside (μCT 3D reconstruction model). c The fibre pattern was repeated every five layers during scaffold printing. d Incision markings. e Isolation of the vascular pedicle with the surrounding fascia. f Insertion of the vascular pedicle inside the scaffold. g Scaffold “closing” on the vascular pedicle. h Classic prefabrication group—insertion of the scaffold in the proximity of the vascular pedicle. i Correct placement of scaffolds: on the left side—vascular pedicle is inside the scaffold (flow-through prefabrication group); on the right side, vascular pedicle is outside but close to the scaffold (classic prefabrication group)