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Table 1 The summary of comparison of different stem cell-derived cell sheets in MI

From: Stem cell-derived cell sheet transplantation for heart tissue repair in myocardial infarction

Cell sources

Advantages

Disadvantages

Myoblast

The most extensive research

Limited potency of de novo cardiomyogenesis, arrhythmic risk

Mesenchymal stem cells

Low immunogenicity, no arrhythmia risk, extensive clinical safety experience, and stronger paracrine ability

Limited potency of de novo cardiomyogenesis

Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes

Strongest de novo cardiomyogenesis ability, convenient for standardized operation protocol, and potential for genetic modification

Trauma formation, limited vascularization, higher possibility of genetic and epigenetic mutations, and arrhythmic risk

Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes/vascular cells

Convenient for standardized operation protocol, potential for genetic modification, increased survival rate of cell sheets, long-term beneficial outcome, and vascularization

Existence of undifferentiated stem cells or other irrelevant cells and arrhythmic risk

Cell sheets with omentum flap or preconditioning

Increased survival rate of cell sheets, long-term beneficial outcome, and vascularization

Higher possibility of genetic and epigenetic mutations during preconditioning and side effects after application of omentum flap