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Table 1 The underlying mechanisms of MSCs and their derivatives in treating APAP-induced liver injury in animal models

From: Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives effectively promotes liver regeneration to attenuate acetaminophen-induced liver injury

MSC source 1

MSC source 2

Dose

Model

Mechanism

Effect

Ref.

Mouse

Adipose tissue

1 × 106

Mouse

Suppress cytochrome P450 activity; decrease the level of toxic nitrotyrosine; upregulate Nrf2 levels

Eliminate the severity of liver injury; increase the survival rate of ALF mice

[81]

Human

Adipose tissue

2 × 105

Rat

Decrease the levels of liver isoprostanes, 8-OHG and nitrite-nitrates; preserve GSH levels; decrease levels of TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β, ICAM-1 and phospho-JNK

Eliminate lobular necrosis and vacuolar degeneration

[83]

Human

Umbilical cord

1 × 105, 5 × 105, 1 × 106

Mouse

Maintain levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase; reduce levels of TNF-α and IL-6; increase HGF levels

Increase the survival rate of ALF animals without reducing liver weight

[84]

Human

Adipose tissue

4 × 105

Mouse

Prolong the retention of MSCs; alleviate the inflammatory response

Eliminate the severity of liver injury

[85]

Human

Umbilical cord

1 × 106

Mouse

Maintain redox homeostasis; engraft into the injured liver tissue; reduce hepatocyte apoptosis

Reduce liver damage; enhance the survival rate of ALF mice

[86]

Human

HLCs from bone marrow MSCs

1 × 106

Mouse

Reside in the injured liver site; prevent apoptosis of hepatocytes; enhance tissue rearrangement

Eliminate the severity of liver injury

[87]

Mouse

Proteome from bone marrow-derived MSCs

10 mg/ml

Mouse

Inhibit inflammation and hepatocyte necrosis

Protect against liver damage and promote liver regeneration

[88]