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Fig. 5 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 5

From: Mechanical load-induced H2S production by periodontal ligament stem cells activates M1 macrophages to promote bone remodeling and tooth movement via STAT1

Fig. 5

Changes in STAT1 pathway in macrophages stimulated by mechanical load-induced H2S production. a Schematic illustration. b Relative mRNA expression of M1/M2-related genes. The mRNA expressions of M1 markers TNF-α and IL-1β of THP-1-derived macrophages were upregulated in the FS group and downregulated in the FS + In group compared with the FS group. The mRNA expressions of arginase-1 and DECTIN showed no changes. N = 3, ***P < 0.001 versus CS. ###P < 0.001 versus FS. CS: control supernatant; FS: force-treated conditioned medium. FS + In: force-treated conditioned medium with pSTAT1 inhibitor. c Western blot results of iNOS, TNF-α, arginase-1, phosphorylation of STAT1, and total STAT1 expressions in macrophages incubated with different conditioned medium. iNOS, TNF-α expressions, and the proportion of pSTAT1/STAT1 in macrophages were upregulated after incubated with the force-treated conditioned medium of PDLSCs, which were partially reversed by incubation with the force-treated conditioned medium with pSTAT1 inhibitor. Beta-actin served as the internal control for equal loading. Data represent three independent experiments. **P < 0.01 versus CS, ##P < 0.01 versus FS. d Representative immunofluorescence images and the corresponding hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining of the compression side of distal roots and semiquantification of double-stained positive cells. Mechanical load increased the proportion of CD68-positive (red) and pSTAT1-positive (green) macrophages (merged yellow), which decreased after HA injection and enhanced after GYY4137 injection. Dashed lines mark the root outline. Scale bar: 50 μm. Arrow represents the direction of force. Large boxed areas show high-magnification views of the small boxed areas. N = 5–6; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus control. ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 versus force. &&&P < 0.001 versus force + HA

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