Mending a broken heart: current strategies and limitations of cell-based therapy

Table 1 Summary of different cell types and animal models used in cardiac repair and regeneration

Cell types		Model	Outcome	Mode of delivery	References
Pluripotent stem cells	Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CM)	Rat	Improved cardiac function and neovascularization	Cell sheet transplantation at myocardium	[9]
		Pig	Increased ejection fraction and decreased myocardial wall stress	Cell sheet transplantation at epicardial	[10]
	Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CM)	Rat	Improved cardiac function	Injection in left ventricular wall	[11]
		Pig	Improved cardiac function	Embryoid bodies transplantation at posterolateral wall of the left ventricle	[12]
		Non-human primates	Remuscularization of infarcted zone	Intramyocardial injection	[13]
		Mouse	Improved cardiac function	Injected beneath the coronary artery ligation	[14]
	Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiovascular progenitors	Human	Most patients were symptomatically improved with an increased systolic motion of the cell-treated segments	Sub-epicardial injection of cells in a fibrin patch	[15]
Adult stem cells	Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) and progenitor cells	Human	Improved LVEF	Intracoronary infusion	[16,17,18]
		Human	No improvement of LVEF	Intracoronary infusion	[19]
	Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC)	Human	Reduced infarct size and scar formation	Transendocardial injection	[20, 21]
	Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC)	Rat	Increased LVEF	Epicardial placement of a MSC-sheet	[22]
	Skeletal muscle-derived stem cells	Human	Improved LVEF	Sub-epicardial injection	[23]

ISSN: 1757-6512