Fig. 1

AD-MSC-conditioned medium administration improves thermal and mechanical sensitivity and restores intraepidermal nerve fiber density in diabetic mice. a, b Hargreaves plantar test (a) and Von Frey test (b) showing the withdrawal latency to thermal stimulus and withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulus, respectively, in non-diabetic and diabetic mice treated with vehicle, conditioned medium derived from non-preconditioned AD-MSCs, or conditioned medium derived from DFX-preconditioned AD-MSCs. c Representative confocal images of intraepidermal nerve fibers from plantar skin samples obtained from 26-week-old non-diabetic and diabetic mice treated with vehicle, conditioned medium derived from non-preconditioned AD-MSCs, or conditioned medium derived from DFX-preconditioned AD-MSCs stained against the PGP 9.5 antigen. Asterisks indicate intraepidermal nerve fibers. d Quantification of the number of fibers crossing from dermis to epidermis per mm of linear skin. Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. (n = 8, two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test, *p < 0.05)