Fig. 2

Mitochondria transfer enhanced the proliferative capacity, as demonstrated by a real-time plot of cell confluency, b CCK8 assay results, and c cell cycle analysis results, presented as percentages of cells in G2/M, S, or G0/G1 phase. d Differences in Ki67 staining of BMSCs between the control and mitochondria transfer group, and e quantification of the percentage of Ki67-positive cells within the entire cell population. f mRNA expression level of proliferation-related marker c-Myc and g its corresponding protein expression level. h–j Effects of mitochondria transfer on replicative senescence, as shown by h CCK8 assay results at the 3rd to 9th passages, j β-galactosidase staining, and i percentages of β-GAL-positive cells at the 6th to 9th passages. Results are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 3). One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used to determine statistical significance (*P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ****P ≤ 0.0001)