Fig. 3

Characterization of 2D-exos and 3D-exos. a Morphology of 2D-exos and 3D-exos under TEM. Scale bar, 200 nm. b Representative NTA analysis of the particle size distribution of 2D-exos and 3D-exos. The difference between the median diameter of 2D-exos (n = 4) and 3D-exos (n = 18) was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). c The particle size distribution of 3D-exos was detected at different time points, and the median diameters of 3D-exos were 118.1–141.3 nm. d Western blotting analysis of exosomal surface markers (CD9, CD63, and Alix) of 2D-exos and 3D-exos