Fig. 2
From: Proinflammatory cytokines regulate epidermal stem cells in wound epithelialization
Schematic diagram of proinflammatory cytokines regulating keratinocytes or stem cells. Keratinocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages produce IL-1, which regulates stem cells through the caspase 8 signaling pathway. TNF-α binds to TNFR1 to induce AKT phosphorylation in iSCs or to TNFR2 to activate the NF-κB signaling pathway. Neutrophils and macrophages produce TWEAK, which binds to Fn14, and they have a potential effect on iSCs. IL-6 and IL-17 activate the STAT-JAK and Act1-TRAF4-MEKK3-ERK5 signaling pathways, respectively