Proinflammatory cytokines regulate epidermal stem cells in wound epithelialization

Table 1 Therapies involving SCs and proinflammatory cytokines

Targeted cells or factors	Molecule or cell tested	Route of application	Subject	Therapeutic effect	Ref
Stem cells	Hair follicle stem cells	Direct application-hair skin graft	Patients	Less ulcer area, more granulation tissue formation and vascularization, and better innervation of the wound bed	[50, 51]
	Hair follicle stem cells	Intradermal injection	Rats	Less inflammation, more granulation tissue formation, and faster vascularization and epithelialization	[52]
	Hair follicle stem cells	Local injection	Patients	Increased hair density and hair follicle number	[66, 67]
	Mesenchymal stem cells	Injection/spray	Mice/patients	Less inflammatory cells, proinflammatory cytokines, and scar formation as well as faster wound closure	[55]
TNF-α	Anti-TNF-α neutralizing antibody	Topical application	Mice/patients	Less leukocyte recruitment, rebalance of M1/M2 macrophages, more matrix synthesis, and faster wound healing	[58,59,60]
IL-1	Anti-IL-1β neutralizing antibody	Topical application	Cultured macrophages/mice	Lower proinflammatory macrophage phenotype and proinflammatory cytokines expression. Faster re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation and more collagen deposition	[61]
IL-1	IL-1 receptor antagonist	Topical application	Mice	Less leukocyte and macrophage recruitment and faster wound healing	[62]
IL-17	Anti-IL-17A antibody	Local injection	Mice	More pro-healing macrophages and better wound closure	[63]

ISSN: 1757-6512