Fig. 5

Ultrastructure, cell morphology, and mitochondrial function of DPSCs cultured on COL coating under the XFM culture conditions. a TEM of both types of multilayered XFM cultures on D20 post-seeding. Arrows indicate healthy mitochondria; arrowheads indicate disorganized mitochondria. Scale bars, 1.7 μm for the upper panels and 500 nm for the lower panels. b JC-1 stained cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to evaluate mitochondrial membrane potential in COL-XFM and XFM cultures on days 10 (D10) and 20 (D20). c Quantification of the JC-1 monomers ratio, presented as fold difference of D20 vs. D10 in each cell culture condition. *p < 0.05. d Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining of COL-XFM and XFM cultures on D10, D14, and D20. TUNEL-positive nuclei are shown in magenta. All nuclei are shown in gray (DAPI). Scale bars, 100 μm