Table 1 Chemicals that promote actin polymerization or depolymerization and their role in the osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

Cytochalasin D

0.1 μg/mL for 48 h

ALP and calcium levels decreased at days 5 and 10

[29]

Cytochalasin D

100 ng/mL for 1, 3, 7, and 14 days

Decreased levels of ALP and osteocalcin, increased levels of adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG)

[16]

Cytochalasin D

0.02 mg/mL

Increased adipogenesis

[83]

Cytochalasin D

1–20 μM, 1 h every day for 9 days

Decreased osteoblast differentiation, decreased ALP and mineral matrix

[55]

Phalloidin

0–6 μM, 3 h every day for 9 days

Increased ALP activity and mineralized matrix formation

Cytochalasin D

0.1 mg/mL day 1

Osterix, osteocalcin, and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) levels increased on days 2 and 3

[84]

Cytochalasin D

0.1 mg/mL for 3 days

Increase in osteogenesis (higher level of alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme (Alpl), specificity protein (Sp7), gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein (Bglap genes)) and adipogenesis (higher level of fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4), adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ genes)) in growth medium, increased adipogenesis in adipogenic medium, and increases osteogenesis in osteogenic medium

[57]

Cytochalasin D

0.1 mg/mL for 14 days

Increase in osteogenesis through increased expression of the VGLL4 gene; the effect of cytochalasin D was dependent on the biological state of the cells

[85]

Cytochalasin D

1–20 μM for 1 h every day for 13 days

Increased adipocyte differentiation

[49]

Phalloidin

0–3 μM for 3 h every day for 13 days

Decreased adipocyte differentiation and adipocyte-specific gene expression (ADIPOQ, LPL, PPARG, FABP4)

[49]

Cytochalasin D

–

Increased adipogenesis through the regulation of the FGF2, TGFβ2, EGR2, MEF2D, and IRS1 genes

[56]