Fig. 1

Identification of DEGs and enriched biological functions in GDM-CMSCs. a Venn diagram indicates the numbers of genes up- or downregulated > 1.5-fold in GDM-CMSCs vs. Healthy-CMSCs. The overlapping areas of the 3 circles are co-regulated genes and defined as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). b Biological functions in “molecular and cellular functions” category were generated and ranked by IPA analysis. Bars indicate overrepresented functions in GDM-CMSCs compared to H-CMSCs. Individual GDM-MSC samples are represented via specific indicated colours. c Activation state of enriched downstream cellular processes in “molecular and cellular functions” using IPA activation z-score identification of increased (positive z-score) or decreased activity (negative z-score) in GDM-CMSCs compared to Healthy-CMSCs. d Heat maps of DEGs involved in cell survival and growth, cellular movement and assembly, skin formation, and epithelial development. Expression levels are represented by log₂ fold change (expression value in each sample vs. mean expression value in Healthy-CMSCs). Expression levels range from high (red) to low (green). e Biological functions in “physiological system development and function” category in GDM-CMSCs identified by IPA. f Cellular processes associated with “cardiovascular system development and function” in GDM-CMSCs. The activation state was calculated by IPA activation z-score. g Heat maps summarised DEGs involved in cardiogenesis and vasculogenesis