Table 3 Therapeutic uses of ADSC-Exo

[47]

Zhi Liu

Exosomes labeled with PKH26 were incubated with the MCM cells

1. The PKH26-labeled exosomes were taken up by MCM cells

2. Anti-apoptotic effects of ADSC-exosomes on MCM cells under oxidative stress

[48]

Xiaojun Cui

Rats myocardial I/R and H/R model

1. ADSCs-ex protect against I/R-induced myocardial injury and suppress H/R-induced cell injury in H9c2 cells in vitro

2. ADSCs-ex activate Wnt/b-catenin signaling to protect against myocardial I/R injury

[49]

Huiyu Xu

Male SD rats myocardial infarction model

1. The LVEF and LVFS of rats in the MI + BM-Exo, MI + AD-Exo, and MI + UC-Exo groups were significantly higher than the maternal stem cells

2. The apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and infarction area were significantly reduced in the MI + ADMSC and MI + AD-Exo groups

[50]

Shengqiong Deng

Mice myocardial infarction model

1. ADSC-Exo exert a protective effect on myocardial injury by reversing MI-induced myocardial fibrosis and apoptosis and attenuate MI-induced inflammation by promoting macrophage M2 polarization

2. S1P/SK1/S1PR1 signaling pathway participated in the cardioprotective effects ADSC-Exo

[20]

Junjie Pan

H9c2 cells were transfected with the miR-146a overexpression vector or the EGR1 overexpression vector alone or both in combination

Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats myocardial infarction model

1. MiR-146a abundant exosomes are more protective against suppressed AMI-induced myocardial damage

2. The expression of miR-146a in H9c2 inhibited hypoxic-induced myocardial cell injury by suppressing EGR1

[22]

Vesna Bucan

The DRG neurons were cultured with and without exosomes

Adult rats sciatic nerve injury model

1. ADSC-Exo can increase the axon length of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and regenerate damaged nerve

[51]

Jing Chen

SCs were cultured in the serum-free SCM added with PBS or ASC-Exos

Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats sciatic nerve injury model

1. ADSC-Exo could be easily internalized by Schwann cells (SCs) and significantly promoted their proliferation and migration

2. ASC-Exos increase neurotrophic factor expression and neurite outgrowth

3. The implantation of ASC-Exos improve sciatic nerve regeneration in vivo

[52]

Nianhua Feng

DiI-labeled ADSC-Exo were cocultured with BV2 cells

1. ADSC-Exo suppressed the activation and decreased the toxicity of LPS-stimulated BV2 cells

2. ADSC-Exo inhibited neuroinflammation by suppressing NF-kB and MAPK signal pathway

[21]

Yujia Yang

BMECs were subjected to OGD for 4 h and then cultured with ADSC-Exo

1. ADSC-Exo contribute to angiogenesis of BMECs following OGD in vitro through microRNA-181b/TRPM7 axis.

[53]

Mijung Lee

Mice in vitro HD model

1. ADSC-Exo treatment can reduce Huntington protein aggregation, improve mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduce the rate of apoptosis

[54]

Mijung Lee

NSCs from G93A ALS mice model used in vitro ALS model

1. ADSC-exo reduces mutant SOD1 aggregation in G93A neuronal cells

2. ADSC-exo reduce abnormally expressed mitochondrial functional proteins, and restore the normal cell phenotype of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

[55]

Takeshi Katsuda

PKH67-labeled exosomes were incubated with N2a cells

1. ADSC-exo- contain enzymatically active NEP and can be transferred to the neuroblastoma cell line N2a to reduce its intracellular Aβ level and reduce the accumulation of Aβ in the brain

[56]

Li Hu

Skin fibroblasts were co-cultured with ASCs-Exos

Mice skin wound model

1. Internalization of exosomes by fibroblasts and ASCs-Exos promoted fibroblasts migration, proliferation, collagen synthesis in vitro.

2. ASCs-Exos promoted collagen expression and cutanenous wound healing in vivo than local injection group

[57]

Wei Zhang

The HDFs were cocultured with different concentrations of ADSC-Exos

20 male Balb/c mice full-thickness square wound

1. ADSC-Exos activate intracellular collagen secretion in HDFs via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and induce the expression of growth factors in vitro

2. ADSC-Exos promote cutaneous wound healing in mice

[58]

Tao Ma

HaCaT cells were cultured with ADSC-Exo

1. ADSC-Exo promote cell proliferation, migration, and inhibit cell apoptosis of HaCaT cells impaired by H₂O₂

2. ADSC-Exo activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling to prompt wound healing

[59]

Chen Yang

The HaCaT cells with or without pretreated with miR-21 plasmid were treated with the ADSCs with or without GW4869 pretreated、AD-exos

Full layer skin wound BALb/c mice model

1. AD-exos and miR-21 could improve the migration and proliferation of the HaCaT cells

2. ADSC-Exos could improve the healing velocity in the full layer wound model of BALb/c mouse and higher miR-21 expression were detected in the experiment groups 3.The excess TGF-βI had negative feedback influence on the miR-21 expression

4. MiR-21 could enhance the MMP-9 and TIMP-2 protein expression but not MMP-2 and TIMP-1 protein via the PI3K/AKT pathway

[60]

K. LIU

Female nude mice acute cutaneous wound healing model

1. The most prominent wound closure was observed in the ASC-Exo + HA group.

2. ASC-Exo + HA could markedly promote fibroblast activities, re-epithelialization and vascularization in wound healing

[61]

Xue Li

The Dil-labeled or denatured exosomes were incubated with EPCs

Adult female Sprague Dawley rats diabetic skin wound model

1. ADSC-Exo reduce glucose-induced EPC senescence

2. Exosomes derived from Nrf2 overexpressing ADSCs inhibit ROS and inflammatory cytokine expression and promote cutaneous wound healing

[62]

Byong Seung Cho

Biostir®-AD cream-induced NC/Nga mice atopic dermatitis model

1. ASC-Exo reduced the serum IgE levels, the number of inflammatory cells such as CD86 + and CD206 + and the symptoms of atopic dermatitis

2. ADSC-Exo can down-regulate the levels of IL-4, IL-23, IL-31, and TNF-α mRNA in a dose-dependent manner.