Mesenchymal stem cell-based cell-free strategies: safe and effective treatments for liver injury

Table 2 Improvement in the efficacy of MSC-derived soluble factors in treating liver diseases via different mechanisms

Animal of origin	Tissue of origin	Pretreatment	Type of MSC derivatives	Quantity	Route	Liver injury	Model	Effect	Mechanism	Ref.
Mouse	Bone marrow	Hypoxia	MSC-CM	5 mg	Intraperitoneal	Acetaminophen	Mouse	Improve biochemical parameters and histological scores	Reduce inflammation; improve liver regeneration	[95]
Human	Adipose	Hypoxia	25-fold concentrated MSC-CM	0.1 ml	Tail vein	Partial hepatectomy	Mouse	Increase the number of proliferative liver cells	Activate JAK/STAT3 signaling	[96]
Mouse	Bone marrow	Hypoxia	Protein composition	10 mg/ml	Intraperitoneal	Acetaminophen	Mouse	Reduce oxygen levels; accelerate healing in damaged liver tissue	Inhibit the activation of inflammation; attenuate hepatocyte necrosis	[97]
Rat	Bone marrow	Coculture with hepatocytes	25-fold concentrated MSC-CM	7.2 ml	Tail vein	D-GalN	Rat	Prolong the survival time of ALF rats	Prevent liver injury; promote liver tissue repair	[98]
Mouse	Bone marrow	miR-223 overexpression	Exosomes	N/A	Intraperitoneal	Liver antigens S100	Mouse	Reverse autoimmune hepatitis	Downregulate the release of cytokines such as NLRP3 and caspase-1	[101]
Mouse	Adipose tissue	miR181-5p overexpression	Exosomes	40 μg	Intrasplenic	CCl₄	Mouse	Inhibit the deposition of collagen I, vimentin, α-SMA and fibronectin in the liver	Activate autophagy; downregulate Stat3 and Bcl-2 in HSCs	[102]

ISSN: 1757-6512