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Fig. 1 | Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Fig. 1

From: Double sperm cloning (DSC) is a promising strategy in mammalian genetic engineering and stem cell research

Fig. 1

Different reprogramming strategies for deriving embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or pluripotent stem cells. a Natural fertilization between sperm and oocytes to develop a blastocyst and generate ESCs by IVF or ICSI. b Somatic cell nuclear transfer procedure to isolate SCNT-ESCs, including oocyte and somatic cell fusion, and constructed embryo activation. c Double sperm cloning (DSC) by injection of two sperm (X, Y sorted by flow cytometry) into the enucleated oocytes to construct embryos and then isolating DSC-ESCs from blastocysts. d Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from somatic cells by reprogramming factors, such as the Yamanaka factors, microRNAs, and small-molecule compounds

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