Fig. 2

Functional analysis of hepatocyte-like cells derived using the small molecule-based protocol in comparison to those derived using the growth factor-based protocol. a Secretion of serum proteins (albumin and fibronectin). Wells without seeded cells were included as blank. b Urea synthesis in small molecule-derived hepatocyte-like cells upon challenging with ammonia. Wells without seeded cells were included as blank control. c Representative PAS staining images showing glycogen storage. d Basal level activity of major cytochrome P450 enzymes. HLC_SM, hepatocyte-like cells derived using small molecules; HLC_GF, hepatocyte-like cells derived using growth factors; CYP, cytochrome P450. All values are presented as mean ± SD. n = 4 for serum protein secretion, and n = 3 for urea synthesis and CYP activity. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 by unpaired two-tailed t-test