Fig. 1

Physiological and biochemical parameters. a Characterization of EVs by transmission electron microscopy (left), size distribution measured by Nanosight tracking analysis (middle), and Western blot confirmation of EV markers CD9, CD63, and TSG101, normalized to CD81. Scale bar 200 nm. b Study protocol and treatment plan. c Survival rate at day 12 and kidney weight after cisplatin injection. d ELISA for blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and NGAL level measured in blood plasma. Each group has n = 6 mice except for survival data, where n = 10. Significant difference ^ap < 0.05: relative to untreated control; ^bp < 0.05: relative to AKI; ^cp < 0.05: relative to AKI-EV; ^dp < 0.05: relative to AKI-EV-pFUS