Table 1 Comparison between the characteristics of extracellular vesicles
From: Shedding light on the role of keratinocyte-derived extracellular vesicles on skin-homing cells
Type | Size | Content | Surface markers | Biogenesis origin | Isolation method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exosomes | 40–100 nm | mRNA, miRNA, and other non-coding RNAs; lipids (cholesterol, ceramide, sphingomyelin); cytoplasmic and membrane proteins including receptors and MHC molecules, lower amount of DNA | Tetraspanins (CD63, CD9, CD81), Alix, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90, clathrin, annexins, ESCRT components (PDCD6IP and TSG101), flotillin | Formation of early endosome/formation of late endosome/formation of MVB/fusion with cell membrane and exocytosis | Immunoprecipitation (ExoQuick®), ultracentrifugation, (100,000–200,000g), ultracentrifugation with density gradient |
Microvesicles | 50–1000 nm | mRNA, miRNA, non-coding RNAs, cytoplasmic proteins, and membrane proteins, including receptors, Integrins, selectins, MMPs, phosphatidylserine, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and ceramide | Integrins, selectins, MMPs, phosphatidylserine, CD40, ARF6, VAMP3 | Cell membrane zeiosis | Ultracentrifugation (10,000–60,000g) |
Apoptotic bodies | 800–5000 nm | Cell organelles, nuclear fractions including DNA, rRNA, mRNA | Phosphatidylserine | Programmed cell death-mediated zeiosis and cell fragmentation | FACS and differential centrifugation |